Further there will also be inductance and capacitance that is determined in terms of linearity. Thus linear circuits contain only linear dependent sources, linear elements and independent sources, and its response is proportional to the independent source. Linear dependent sources (voltage or current) are those whose variable is proportional to the first power of current or voltage, or sum of these variables. For now we have considered only resistive linear circuits with voltage-current characteristics v ( t ) = R * i ( t ). Let v s 50 sin 2 t V and i s 12 cos(6 t + 10°) A. Linear elements are those whose voltage-current characteristics is linear. Engineering Electrical Engineering Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Use the superposition principle to obtain v x in the circuit of Fig. Linear circuits contain only linear elements. Superposition principle also has its limitations: All inactive current sources are presented like opened circuits. An inactive voltage source are present like a short circuit. Each independent source is active in only one measurement. Let us model a circuit with independent and dependent sources in it. The physical meaning of this principle states that nodal voltage of any node in linear electric circuit is an algebraic sum of the voltages that has been produced by each current source, acting alone. The idea of the principle is to determine the mesh current caused by each EMF in the mesh acting alone, and to sum them up. This rule is called superposition principle. The current in any mesh, containing more then one EMF, is an algebraic sum of mesh currents, caused by each EMF acting alone. In the linear circuit with voltage sources, mesh currents are linear functions of mesh EMFs.
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